Key takeaways:
- CO₂ extraction gold standard: Among the best CBD extraction methods, CO₂ extraction stands out for delivering pure, potent, and contaminant-free CBD, making it the preferred choice for high-quality products.
- CBD extraction methods matter: Different CBD extraction methods such as ethanol, lipid infusion, steam distillation, and dry ice affect the purity, potency, and safety of the final product, so understanding these processes helps consumers make informed choices.
- Extraction process influences efficacy: A careful CBD extraction process preserves beneficial cannabinoids and terpenes, ensuring safe and effective CBD for wellbeing – always look for brands transparent about their extraction techniques.
CBD (cannabidiol) continues to grow in popularity, but not all CBD is created equal. One major factor influencing the quality, purity, and potency of CBD products is the extraction method used to obtain the compound. Whether you're a seasoned user or new to the world of CBD, understanding how CBD is extracted can help you make informed choices about what you're putting into your body.
In this blog, we'll break down the most common CBD extraction methods, the science behind them, and why the process matters more than you might think. Let’s dive in.
What is CBD and why does the extraction matter?
CBD is one of over 100 naturally occurring compounds (cannabinoids) found in the hemp plant. Unlike THC, CBD doesn’t cause a high, making it a popular option for those seeking calm and balance without intoxication.
How is CBD made?
CBD is not synthesised in a lab; it’s derived from hemp plants through a careful process that involves extracting the cannabinoid-rich oil from plant material. The quality and safety of the final product depend heavily on this extraction process.
Why does CBD need to be extracted?
CBD exists in the raw hemp plant in low concentrations and is bound up with other cannabinoids, plant waxes, and chlorophyll. To isolate it and create products like oils, capsules, and topicals – it must be extracted.
Why the extraction method matters
The extraction method determines:
- Purity: How clean is the final product?
- Potency: How concentrated is the CBD?
- Safety: Are there any residual solvents or toxins?
- Spectrum: Are other cannabinoids and terpenes preserved or removed?
The right method ensures the CBD you're consuming is effective, safe, and of high quality.
Overview of CBD extraction methods
CBD can be separated from hemp through several techniques, each with its own efficiency, safety profile, and product quality considerations. Below are the most common approaches.
1. CO₂ extraction
Process
CO₂ extraction uses carbon dioxide that has been pressurised and cooled until it enters a “supercritical” state – a phase where it exhibits properties of both a liquid and a gas. In this state, CO₂ behaves as a solvent, penetrating plant matter to dissolve cannabinoids and terpenes. The CO₂ compound mixture is then depressurised so the CO₂ evaporates, leaving behind purified CBD-rich extract.
Advantages
- Produces a high-purity product with little to no residual contaminants.
- Precise control over temperature and pressure allows for preservation of delicate compounds such as terpenes.
- Non-toxic and environmentally friendly since CO₂ is easily recycled.
Drawbacks
- Requires expensive, specialised extraction systems.
- Demands skilled technicians to operate safely and efficiently.
2. Ethanol extraction
Process
Ethanol extraction involves soaking hemp biomass in food-grade ethanol, which dissolves cannabinoids, terpenes, and other phytochemicals. The solution is then filtered, and the ethanol is removed using evaporation under reduced pressure, leaving a concentrated CBD oil.
Advantages
- Effective for large-scale, commercial production.
- Can capture a full spectrum of cannabinoids, flavonoids, and terpenes.
- Ethanol is generally recognised as safe (GRAS) when properly removed.
Drawbacks
- If performed improperly, residual solvent may remain in the extract.
- Ethanol can also extract chlorophyll and waxes, which may require additional refinement steps.
3. Lipid / Oil infusion
Process
Lipid infusion uses a carrier oil such as olive oil, coconut oil, or medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) oil to draw cannabinoids out of plant material. The hemp is first decarboxylated (gently heated) to activate cannabinoids like CBD, then mixed with the carrier oil under controlled heat for several hours, allowing cannabinoids to dissolve into the fat molecules.
Advantages
- Straightforward, chemical-free method.
- Can be performed at home or on a small scale without specialised equipment.
Drawbacks
- Produces lower-concentration extracts compared to solvent-based methods.
- Shorter shelf life due to the perishable nature of oils.
- Not well-suited for industrial-scale production.
4. Steam distillation
Process
Steam distillation is a traditional essential oil extraction method adapted for hemp. Steam is introduced into a chamber containing the plant material, vaporising volatile compounds. These vapours are condensed into a liquid and collected, with oil separating naturally from the water phase.
Advantages
- Solvent-free and considered a natural process.
- Simple technology that has been used for centuries in herbal processing.
Drawbacks
- Inefficient for cannabinoids because many are not highly volatile.
- High temperatures may degrade sensitive compounds, reducing potency.
- Typically yields smaller quantities of CBD compared to modern methods.
5. Dry ice extraction
Process
Dry ice (solid CO₂ at –78 °C) is used to freeze the plant’s trichomes — the tiny resin glands containing cannabinoids and terpenes. The frozen trichomes become brittle and can be easily detached by gently shaking the plant material over a mesh screen. The collected trichome powder (kief) can then be used or further processed.
Advantages
- No solvents or chemicals required.
- Preserves much of the plant’s aroma and flavour profile.
- Relatively quick and low-cost for small batches.
Drawbacks
- Yield and potency can be inconsistent.
- Not scalable for commercial production.
- May include plant debris if not carefully performed.
Types of CBD extracts
Once extracted, CBD oil can be further processed into three main types of extracts:
1. Full-spectrum CBD
Contains all cannabinoids, terpenes, and compounds found in the hemp plant, including trace THC (below 0.3%). Best for the "entourage effect".
2. Broad-spectrum CBD
Similar to full-spectrum but without THC. Ideal for users who want the benefits of multiple cannabinoids without THC exposure.
3. CBD isolate
Pure CBD with all other compounds removed. It’s typically 99% pure and THC-free.
Want a deep dive into the differences? Check out this guide on Full Spectrum CBD vs CBD Isolate vs Broad Spectrum CBD, breaking it all down.
Which CBD extraction method is the best?
Each extraction method has its strengths, but one clearly stands out.
At Provacan, we use a CO2 extraction process, considered the industry's gold standard. This method ensures our CBD is pure, potent, and free from harmful solvents. It’s all part of our commitment to providing you with safe, effective CBD products.
CO2 extraction not only yields high-quality oil but also preserves beneficial compounds while avoiding toxic residues. For anyone seeking trustworthy, premium CBD, CO2-extracted products are the way to go.
Find the perfect CBD product to match your needs
All Provacan products are CO₂ extracted for purity and quality.
CBD oils – Full spectrum
- 3% Oil – Gentle starter option
- 6% Oil – Moderate strength
- 12% Oil – Stronger daily use
- 24% Oil – High strength for experienced users
CBD paste – Full spectrum
- 50% Paste – Extra-high potency
CBD capsules – Full spectrum
- 24mg Capsules – Medium dose per capsule
- 96mg Capsules – Extra-strong dose per capsule
CBD balms – Full spectrum
- 300mg Balm – Light topical relief
- 900mg Balm – Stronger topical formula
CBD isolate powder – Pure CBD isolate
- 1000mg Isolate Powder – High-purity CBD
- 5000mg Isolate Powder – Extra-quantity option
CBD gummies – Broad spectrum
- 10mg Gummies – Tasty, discreet, everyday CBD
Final thoughts on CBD extraction methods and processes
When shopping for CBD, don’t just look at the label – consider the extraction method. It plays a crucial role in determining the safety, effectiveness, and overall quality of your product.
Whether you're new to CBD or a seasoned user, understanding the differences in CBD extraction methods can empower you to choose the best CBD product for your wellness journey. And if you're ever in doubt, look for brands (like Provacan!) that are transparent about their process and prioritise your wellbeing.
Read also:
- Full Spectrum CBD vs CBD Isolate vs Broad Spectrum CBD
- What are terpenes?
- Maximising CBD’s effectiveness: A guide to better absorption
Sources
- Wang, M., et al. (2019). Supercritical fluid extraction of bioactive compounds from plants. Journal of Chromatography A, 1590, 2–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2019.01.016
- Technology Networks. (2022). The pros and cons of cannabis ethanol extraction. Retrieved from https://www.technologynetworks.com
- Feals. (2023). How is CBD oil extracted? Comparing methods. Retrieved from https://feals.com
- Custom Processing Services. (2023). How to extract CBD from hemp. Retrieved from https://www.customprocessingservices.com
